USA, Israel, and Europe, Historical Foundations, Strategic cooperation, and Areas of Divergence.

The political relationship among Israel, the United States, and Europe is deeply intertwined, but each side approaches it with different motivations, strategies, and occasional tensions. It can be summarized in three main layers: historical foundations, strategic cooperation, and areas of divergence.

1. Historical Foundations

USA–Israel: After Israel’s establishment in 1948, the US formally recognized the new state almost immediately. Early support was more symbolic, but by the late 1960s—especially after the 1967 Six-Day War—Israel became a core strategic ally in the Middle East. The relationship deepened during the Cold War as the US saw Israel as a bulwark against Soviet influence in the region.

Europe–Israel: Many European countries supported Israel’s creation, partly due to the Holocaust’s aftermath and colonial ties to the Middle East (Britain’s Mandate over Palestine). Over time, Europe took a more balanced approach, cultivating relations with both Israel and Arab states. The EU officially supports Israel’s right to exist but strongly backs a two-state solution and often criticizes Israeli settlement policies.

2. Strategic Cooperation

USA–Israel:

Military Aid: The US is Israel’s largest military donor, providing over $3.8 billion annually in defense assistance under a 10-year agreement (2016–2026).

Technology & Intelligence: Close cooperation on cybersecurity, missile defense (Iron Dome, David’s Sling), and counterterrorism.

Diplomatic Protection: The US frequently uses its veto power at the UN Security Council to block resolutions critical of Israel.

Europe–Israel:

Trade: The EU is Israel’s largest trading partner, with strong ties in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and technology sectors.

Scientific Collaboration: Israel participates in EU research programs like Horizon Europe.

Security Coordination: Some counterterrorism and intelligence sharing, though less intensive than with the US.

3. Areas of Divergence

USA vs. Europe on Israeli–Palestinian conflict: The US is often seen as more pro-Israel in both rhetoric and policy, prioritizing Israel’s security needs. Europe tends to be more pro-diplomacy with Palestinians, consistently opposing settlement expansion and pushing for negotiations.

Human Rights & International Law: Many European governments criticize Israel’s military operations in Gaza and settlement activity in the West Bank, citing international law. The US often softens or rejects such criticisms, framing Israel’s actions as self-defense.

Iran: The US and Israel align closely in opposing Iran’s nuclear ambitions, while Europe tries to balance non-proliferation concerns with diplomatic engagement (e.g., JCPOA nuclear deal).

4. Current Dynamics (2020s)

Under Biden, US–Israel ties remain strong but not without friction over issues like judicial reforms in Israel and the Gaza war. Europe faces internal divisions: some members (Germany, the Czech Republic) are staunchly supportive of Israel, while others (Ireland, Spain, Belgium) are more openly critical. The Gaza war (2023–2025) has widened the gap:

The US has maintained strong military and diplomatic backing for Israel.
Many European states have increased pressure for ceasefires and humanitarian aid, with some even exploring recognition of a Palestinian state.